DNA transcription and translation [HD animation]

DNA transcription and translation [HD animation]

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DNA transcription and translation animation
#DNA_transcription
#DNA_translation
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48 thoughts on “DNA transcription and translation [HD animation]”

  26. This is for those who prefer reading.
    Transcription

    The instructions to manufacture different proteins are contained in the DNA. DNA contains genes, genes are made of nucleotides containing that codes for an RNA molecule. This region begins with a promoter and ends in a terminator. Some genes the encoded RNA is used to synthesize a protein, in a process called “gene expression”. Expression is divided into two processes, transcription and translation.

    In eukaryotes, transcriptions occur in the nucleus where DNA is used as a template to make mRNA and translation in the cytoplasm, the information contained in the mRNA is used to produce a polypeptide.

    During transcription, the DNA in the gene is used as a template to make a mRNA with the help of an enzyme called RNA polymerase. This process occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation and termination. During initiation, the promoter region of the gene functions as a recognition site for RNA polymerase to bind. This where the majority of gene expression is controlled, by either permitting or blocking access to this site by the RNA polymerase. Binding causes the DNA double helix unwind and open. Then during elongation, the RNA polymerase slides along the DNA strand. RNA polymerase links nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing RNA molecule. Once the RNA polymerase reaches the terminator portion of the gene, the mRNA is complete. The mRNa, DNA strand and the RNA polymerase dissociate.

    The strand of mRNA produced includes regions called exons that code for protein, and non-coding sections called introns. In order for the mRNA to be used for translation a modification is required. Modifications such as a 5’ cap and a 3’ poly-A tail are added. This process is called intron splicing and is performed by a complex made of proteins and RNA called “Spliceosome”. This complex removes the intron segments and join the adjacent exons to produce a mature mRNA.

    Translation
    The mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nucleus pore. Translation takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. The nitrogenous bases are grouped into three letter codes called “codons”. The genetic code includes 64 codons. Most codons code for specific amino acids. There are four special codons, one that code for start AUG, and three code for stop (UGA UAG UAA).

    Translation begins by the mRNA binding to a small ribosomal subunit upstream if the start codon. Each amino acid is brought to the ribosome by a specific tRNA. The type of amino acid is determined by the anticodon sequence of the transfer RNA. Complementary base pairing occurs between the codon of the mRNA and the anticodon of the tRNA. After the initiator tRNA molecule binds to the start codon, the large ribosomal subunit binds to form the translation complex, and initiation is complete.

    In the large ribosomal subunit, there are three distinct regions called the E, P and A sites. During elongation, individual amino acids are brought to the mRNA strand by a tRNA molecule through complementary base pairing between codons and anticodons. Each anticodon of a tRNA molecule corresponds to a particular amino acid. A charged tRNA molecule binds to the A site and a peptide forms between its amino acid and the one located at the P site. The complex slides down one codon to the right, where the now uncharged tRNA molecule exits from the E site. The A site is now available to accept the next charged tRNA molecule. Elongation will continue until a stop codon is reached. A release factor binds to the A site at a stop codon and the polypeptide is released from the tRNA in the P site. The entire complex dissociates and can reassemble to begin the process again at initiation. The purpose of translation is to produce polypeptides quickly and accurately. After dissociation, the polypeptide may need to be modified before it would be ready to function.

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  37. Honestly after going through so much grief trying to understand this concept, it's just so gratifying have found such a well made and well explained video on exactly how transcription and translation happens, it saved me so much time and also allowed me to actually understand what was going on without feeling swamped with the technicalities of it all. All in all, a beautifully made video~!

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